考研翻译基础的被动语态
英语中被动使用的范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或是为了便于连贯上下文等场合，往往使用被动语态。汉语中虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄很多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。下面是小编整理的考研翻译基础的被动语态，希望大家喜欢。
考研翻译基础的被动语态
一、译成汉语主动句：
英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语的主动句可以有几种不同的情况：
（一） 原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
例1：The whole country was armed in a few days.
简析：主语：country; was armed 被动语态作谓语，但译成汉语后则不用被动语态。
译文：几天以内全国武装起来了。
（二） 原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
例2：It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
简析：it是形式主语，真正主语是if后面的内容。其实实际整句话的主语省略了的'。
译文：如果（人们）不强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了。
（三） 译成带表语的主动句
例3：The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
简析：主语decision，谓语was not taken，译成汉语也较好理解，按英语字面翻译，去掉被动即可。
译文：进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
（四） 常用被动句型的翻译
有一类以IT作为形式主语的英语句子，在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”。
下面给出一部分，供参考：
1. 不加主语时
It is hoped that… 希望……
It is reported that… 据报……
It is supposed that… 据推测……
It must be admitted that… 必须承认……
It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
2. 可加主语的
It is asserted that… 有人主张……
It is believed that… 有人相信（认为）……
It is well known that… 大家知道……（众所周知……）
二、译成汉语被动句
汉语也有用被动形式来表达的情况。这一类句子，都是着重被动的动作，有些说出了动作的主动者，有些则不说出动作的主动者。英语被动句译成汉语被动句时往往借助于以下各种方式：
（一）“被……”或“给……”
例4：Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out o the airfield.
简析：这种情况加入一个字就能清楚而简练的表达原文意思，当然可以用被动啦。
译文：我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
（二）“（遭）受……”
例5：They were given a hearty welcome.
简析：略。
译文：他们受到热烈欢迎。
（三）“为…所”
例6：I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
简析：通常这类会有by这个词的，一看就很容易想到用这个“为……所”的。
译文：我为这此话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。
（四） 译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
例7：The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
简析：这样的句子可以根据上下文或自己的感觉来选择着译，也可以用上面的别的译法。
译文：大火使这著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
下面我们来练习一下吧：
1. It is scarcely surprising, then, that education systems have for several decades past been severely criticized, partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society.
2. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
3. Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains to be considered.
4. A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
5. It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.
6. Our plans have been completely wrecked by bad weather.
参考译文：
1、 那么教育体制在过去的几十年中受到严厉的批评，就不那么令人感到惊讶了，批评者的部分根据是，这种教育培养人们在一种已过时的社会中生存。
2、 但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
3、 大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下何时进行该移植手术问题有待讨论。
4、 有一种方言是在座的每一位语言学家都懂得的。
5、 必须承认，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果后，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在。
6、 恶劣的天气使我们的计划完全落空。
主动和被动语态的对比：
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
①isam are ②do/does(V.V.s) amis are +done(V. p.p)
一般将来时
wille going toe (about) to +do(V.) will +be +done(V. p.p)
一般过去时
①waswere ②did(V.-ed) waswere +done(V. p.p)
现在进行时
amisare +doing(V.-ing) amisare +doing +done(V. p.p)
过去进行时
waswere +doing(V.-ing) waswere +doing +done(V.p.p)
现在完成时
have has +done(V. p.p.) havehas +been +done(V. p.p)
过去完成时
had +done(V. p.p.) Had +been +done(V. p.p.)
情态动词
情态动词+V.
情态动词+be +done(V. p.p.)
过去将来时
would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
翻译时有以下几种翻译方法：
①译成汉语被动句：使用"被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为……所"等词。
②增加主语，即动作的实际发出者，或虚拟发出者。
③译成汉语无主句
另外还有一些常用被动句型的习惯译法，需要平时积累，比如：
It is hoped that... 希望……，有人希望……
It is assumed that... 假设……，假定……
It is claimed that... 据说……，有人主张……
It is believed that... 有人想信……，大家相信……
It is reported that... 据报道……，据通报……
It is considered that... 人们认为……，据估计……
It is said that... 据说……，有人说……
【考研试题例句】
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
【解析】
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
主句：it is imagined，其中it为形式主语，而that引导的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主语从句，为真正的主语。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined，be compared和be required，译成汉语都变成了主动表达："认为"、"相比"和"掌握"。具体为：
(1)It is imagined by many 此处是"It+被动语态+that"形式的处理，译为"很多人认为"。
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此处所用的是译成汉语主动句的处理方法，并保存原文主语译为"普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程(科学家的思维过程)相比"。
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此处所用的是译成汉语被动句的处理方法，译为"认为这些思维过程是须由某种专门训练才能掌握"。
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